We have already seen that a blank line in your input will generate a new
paragraph in LaTeX. This shows up as the paragraph will start with an
indent.
One common style is to have no indents for paragraphs, but instead
to have a ‘blank line’ between them. We can achieve that using the parskip
package.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[parfill]{parskip}
\usepackage{lipsum} % Just for some filler text
\begin{document}
\lipsum
\end{document}
Most of the time, you should not force a new line in LaTeX: you almost
certainly want a new paragraph or to use parskip, as we’ve just seen,
to put a ‘blank line’ between paragraphs.
There are a few places where you use \\ to start a new line without
starting a new paragraph
center environmentverse environment)Almost always, if you are not in one of those special places, you should
not use \\.
We can insert a thin space (about half the normal thickness) using
\,. In math mode, there are also other commands: \., \: and \;,
and one for a negative space: \!.
Very rarely, for example when creating a title page, you might need to
add explicit horizontal or vertical space. We can use \hspace and \vspace
for that.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
Some text \hspace{1cm} more text.
\vspace{10cm}
Even more text.
\end{document}
We saw a while ago that most of the time logical structure is preferable. But sometimes you want to make text bold, or italic, or monospaced, etc. There are two types of command for this: ones for short pieces of text, and ones for ‘running’ material.
For short bits of text, we use \textbf, \textit, \textrm, \textsf,
\texttt and \textsc.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
Let's have some font fun: \textbf{bold}, \textit{italic}, \textrm{roman},
\textsf{sans serif}, \texttt{monospaced} and \textsc{small caps}.
\end{document}
For running text, we use commands that alter the font setup; the commands
here are for example \bfseries and \itshape. Because these don’t ‘stop’,
we need to place them in a group if we want to prevent them from applying to
the whole document. LaTeX environments are groups, as are table cells,
or we can use {...} to make an explicit group.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
Normal text.
{\itshape
This text is italic.
So it this: the effect is not limited to a paragraph.
}
\end{document}
We can set font size in a similar way; these commands all work on an ongoing
basis. The sizes we set are relative: \huge, \large, \normalsize,
\small and \footnotesize are common. It’s important to finish a paragraph
before changing the font size back; see how we add an explicit \par
(paragraph break) here.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\begin{document}
Normal text.
\begin{center}
{\itshape\large Some text\par}
Normal text
{\bfseries\small Much smaller text\par}
\end{center}
\end{document}
Experiment with manual formatting: create a titlepage environment and
try inserting different spaces and font changes. What happens when we
combine font changes? How does this compare to math mode?
What happens if you change the font size of a large paragraph (try with
\tiny then with \huge) but don’t issue a final \par before closing
the group?